Forces from both the superstructure and ground acceleration act on foundations, making it the most critical part of the structure design in terms of resisting…

Horizontal members bear the responsibility of resisting inertia forces, channeling them into the vertical structure. The vertical elements, encompassing walls, columns, or diagonal braces, counteract…

Retaining structures located in seismic regions are subject to static soil pressures that are increased by dynamic effects. Where a structure also retains water, or…

Non-structural elements are not designed to withstand seismic forces beyond their mass. These elements can be categorized into three groups: architectural features like cladding panels…

To mitigate seismic risks in communities, urban planners often restrict construction over known active fault lines. Buildings over these faults face severe damage from fault…